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Does anyone have any information on the child protection services in NSW, Australia during the 1950s-80s time period?
Eg what system did they have, was it effective? Did the Deparment of Community services (DOCs) exist back then?

Answer
I'm pretty sure DoCS didn't come into existence until the 1980s, as 'Family and Community Services'. Before then there was a child welfare department of some kind, but I'm not sure what its name was.

Regarding how 'effective' the services provided were, it would depend a lot on who was doing the telling.

Welfare services pre-1970s were mostly of the institutional model, with the 'poor' and 'needy' warehoused in huge institutions, often sleeping dormitary style, under the care of all powerful directors or appointed officials.

Recent years have seen a plethora of law suits related to abuse, neglect and mismanagment within such institutions, as the systems were tremendously open to corruption.

It seems very obvious nowadays that the worst types of people would seek to infiltrate such systems, and the fact is they very often did, with disastrous results.

Apart from institutional care, not much was available in the way of family support, certainly no pensions or benefits. If charity wasn't available for the poor, they did without, and if that meant their kids did without, well that was considered sad but inevitable.

Because the husband/father/male was considered to be the head of household, laws relating to women's and children's rights did not really exist. For example, parents were not permitted to kill their children, but child abuse was not a concept people understood at all. If a child was beaten, even very badly, it was thought the child was 'bad'.

Fathers particularly could be quite brutal without any fear, but the case was a little different for mothers.

Single women, especially if they were poor, were liable to have their children removed at any time for 'crimes' such as neglect, which could simply mean having unfinished washing up in the sink when 'the welfare' called around. The child would be shunted off to an institution and may not have ever been allowed to return home.

And for Aboriginal people, the case was even worse. Fair skinned Aboriginal children were regularly rounded up and removed from their parents and placed in institutional care or adopted out to white families. These children were often raised as servants in their 'adopted' homes, and if institutionalised were actually trained for this.

Many older people may remember those times as 'easier' or 'better' as regards child welfare services, but this was at least in part due to the way problems were kept out of sight and out of mind (institutionalising orphaned or abandoned children), simply not recognised (ignoring abuse) or were presented as solutions (such as stealing Aboriginal children).

The NSW State Library would have a lot of information and old records regarding this. I've put a couple of links for further reference.

Best wishes :-)

How did classic hollywood stars get such smooth, clear skin?

I am just curious as to how they got to have such smooth, clear skin. I know that it was sort of before all of the touch up technology we have today. Yet, the cameras and pictures of the time got some major close ups, and they never seem to have a single blemish or imperfection. I am just wondering what exactly it was they used or did skin care wise, or was it just makeup. I'm talking about people from the old hollywood 1940s-1950s ish, like Katharine Hepburn, Audrey Hepburn, Ava Gardner, Lauren Bacall, Grace Kelly, etc. Thanks!

Answer
Max Factor, baby. The secret was pancake makeup.

Does anyone have any information on the child protection services in NSW, Australia during the 1950s-80s time period?
Eg what system did they have, was it effective? Did the Deparment of Community services (DOCs) exist back then?

Answer
I'm pretty sure DoCS didn't come into existence until the 1980s, as 'Family and Community Services'. Before then there was a child welfare department of some kind, but I'm not sure what its name was.

Regarding how 'effective' the services provided were, it would depend a lot on who was doing the telling.

Welfare services pre-1970s were mostly of the institutional model, with the 'poor' and 'needy' warehoused in huge institutions, often sleeping dormitary style, under the care of all powerful directors or appointed officials.

Recent years have seen a plethora of law suits related to abuse, neglect and mismanagment within such institutions, as the systems were tremendously open to corruption.

It seems very obvious nowadays that the worst types of people would seek to infiltrate such systems, and the fact is they very often did, with disastrous results.

Apart from institutional care, not much was available in the way of family support, certainly no pensions or benefits. If charity wasn't available for the poor, they did without, and if that meant their kids did without, well that was considered sad but inevitable.

Because the husband/father/male was considered to be the head of household, laws relating to women's and children's rights did not really exist. For example, parents were not permitted to kill their children, but child abuse was not a concept people understood at all. If a child was beaten, even very badly, it was thought the child was 'bad'.

Fathers particularly could be quite brutal without any fear, but the case was a little different for mothers.

Single women, especially if they were poor, were liable to have their children removed at any time for 'crimes' such as neglect, which could simply mean having unfinished washing up in the sink when 'the welfare' called around. The child would be shunted off to an institution and may not have ever been allowed to return home.

And for Aboriginal people, the case was even worse. Fair skinned Aboriginal children were regularly rounded up and removed from their parents and placed in institutional care or adopted out to white families. These children were often raised as servants in their 'adopted' homes, and if institutionalised were actually trained for this.

Many older people may remember those times as 'easier' or 'better' as regards child welfare services, but this was at least in part due to the way problems were kept out of sight and out of mind (institutionalising orphaned or abandoned children), simply not recognised (ignoring abuse) or were presented as solutions (such as stealing Aboriginal children).

The NSW State Library would have a lot of information and old records regarding this. I've put a couple of links for further reference.

Best wishes :-)

How did classic hollywood stars get such smooth, clear skin?

I am just curious as to how they got to have such smooth, clear skin. I know that it was sort of before all of the touch up technology we have today. Yet, the cameras and pictures of the time got some major close ups, and they never seem to have a single blemish or imperfection. I am just wondering what exactly it was they used or did skin care wise, or was it just makeup. I'm talking about people from the old hollywood 1940s-1950s ish, like Katharine Hepburn, Audrey Hepburn, Ava Gardner, Lauren Bacall, Grace Kelly, etc. Thanks!

Answer
Max Factor, baby. The secret was pancake makeup.

Does anyone have any information on the child protection services in NSW, Australia during the 1950s-80s time period?
Eg what system did they have, was it effective? Did the Deparment of Community services (DOCs) exist back then?

Answer
I'm pretty sure DoCS didn't come into existence until the 1980s, as 'Family and Community Services'. Before then there was a child welfare department of some kind, but I'm not sure what its name was.

Regarding how 'effective' the services provided were, it would depend a lot on who was doing the telling.

Welfare services pre-1970s were mostly of the institutional model, with the 'poor' and 'needy' warehoused in huge institutions, often sleeping dormitary style, under the care of all powerful directors or appointed officials.

Recent years have seen a plethora of law suits related to abuse, neglect and mismanagment within such institutions, as the systems were tremendously open to corruption.

It seems very obvious nowadays that the worst types of people would seek to infiltrate such systems, and the fact is they very often did, with disastrous results.

Apart from institutional care, not much was available in the way of family support, certainly no pensions or benefits. If charity wasn't available for the poor, they did without, and if that meant their kids did without, well that was considered sad but inevitable.

Because the husband/father/male was considered to be the head of household, laws relating to women's and children's rights did not really exist. For example, parents were not permitted to kill their children, but child abuse was not a concept people understood at all. If a child was beaten, even very badly, it was thought the child was 'bad'.

Fathers particularly could be quite brutal without any fear, but the case was a little different for mothers.

Single women, especially if they were poor, were liable to have their children removed at any time for 'crimes' such as neglect, which could simply mean having unfinished washing up in the sink when 'the welfare' called around. The child would be shunted off to an institution and may not have ever been allowed to return home.

And for Aboriginal people, the case was even worse. Fair skinned Aboriginal children were regularly rounded up and removed from their parents and placed in institutional care or adopted out to white families. These children were often raised as servants in their 'adopted' homes, and if institutionalised were actually trained for this.

Many older people may remember those times as 'easier' or 'better' as regards child welfare services, but this was at least in part due to the way problems were kept out of sight and out of mind (institutionalising orphaned or abandoned children), simply not recognised (ignoring abuse) or were presented as solutions (such as stealing Aboriginal children).

The NSW State Library would have a lot of information and old records regarding this. I've put a couple of links for further reference.

Best wishes :-)

How did classic hollywood stars get such smooth, clear skin?

I am just curious as to how they got to have such smooth, clear skin. I know that it was sort of before all of the touch up technology we have today. Yet, the cameras and pictures of the time got some major close ups, and they never seem to have a single blemish or imperfection. I am just wondering what exactly it was they used or did skin care wise, or was it just makeup. I'm talking about people from the old hollywood 1940s-1950s ish, like Katharine Hepburn, Audrey Hepburn, Ava Gardner, Lauren Bacall, Grace Kelly, etc. Thanks!

Answer
Max Factor, baby. The secret was pancake makeup.

My nails grow quite fast and when they are long i love them. Then after a day they turn yellow and they chip. How can I make them whiter and stronger?

Answer
Step 1
Instead of spending $20 to $40 for a manicure every 1-2 weeks, you can absolutely take care of your hands yourself. Healthy fingernails start with good habits...especially when you are at home taking care of your everyday responsibilities.

Here's how to start.

Every morning, after you brush your teeth, apply hand lotion before you even make your coffee or the kids' breakfast and lunch!

Step 2
Rub the hand lotion into your cuticles.

Step 3
Before washing dishes or cleaning the floor, etc., apply more hand lotion and then put on rubber gloves. It may sound 1950s but it absolutely will benefit your skin and fingernails. The chemicals used for cleaning will damage your skin and fingernails, so a good pair of rubber gloves will prevent that, and rubber gloves last for years.

Step 4
Always avoid putting your hands in very hot water....this also damages the hands' delicate skin and fingernails.

Step 5
Gently file your nails in one direction from left to right, each day after your shower or bath, when your nails are softest. By filing in one direction, avoiding the see-saw, back and forth motion, you will put less strain on the base of your fingernails.

Step 6
File away any snags that might form on your fingernails. These can lead to breakage.

Step 7
Keep a bottle of Sally Hansen Hard As Nails clear strengthener in your car...Then, when you are sitting in traffic or waiting for your children to come out of school, etc., apply one quick coat to your nails. This way, you won't have the strong fumes in your home, and you can remember to apply it every day! If you apply one coat each day, you most likely will never have to remove any coats due to chipping. This will enable you to avoid the use of acetone nail polish removers, which are drying to the fingernails and unhealthy for the cuticles.

Step 8
After just one week, you will most likely notice how nicely your fingernails are growing, and how the color of the nail tip is looking whiter. This means your fingernails are beginning to thrive!

Step 9
About once per week, trim your nails with the clippers after your shower or bath, and apply hand lotion and rub it in the cuticle areas.

Step 10
Always, always avoid artificial nails of all styles. These essentially weaken the natural fingernail because they cover it, preventing it from breathing and receiving sunlight. Mold can develop under the artificial nail, and when the nail tip is removed, the natural fingernail is tissue-thin and generally yellow and weak. This condition is painful AND unattractive. With properly cared-for natural nails, most people will think your nails are professionally maintained!

Step 11
Remember the hand lotion every morning is key! This method will only cost you about $6 per month for the lotion and nail coating! Compare this with the expense of weekly or bi-weekly manicures, plus the hassle of driving there and waiting for your turn! You'll be so glad you cut the cost, and your nails will look healthy and strong as a result.

I spent a lot of time on this. I hope i helped! =) Take care.

How to decide to come out or not?

I'm a Native American and have been raised that homosexuality is not a good thing. I told my mother once and she told me not to tell anyone else. That they wouldn't understand. Normally I don't care what others think, but I care what my family thinks. And everyone one of them don't agree with it. So do I give up my family to be who I am. They are all I have. How have things gone for you all?

Answer
In traditional Native American society, the "two-spirited" person was one who was highly prized. But maybe not in all N.A. societies. Sounds a bit like your family has been influenced by Christian churches, if I had to guess I'd say Catholic.
Here's my story. Raised in a largely secular family in the 1950s and 60s. Knew I was gay from a very early age, although didn't have the words for it. Knew also that I had to keep it a secret. I did that for more than 50 years. Even got married and had kids. But always felt like a fake even though I had some success in life. Finally couldn't take it any more and came out in my 50s. Surprise surprise, the family accepted me. Now, almost 15 years later, I'm happy to be really me.
My friend, if your family won't accept you, you'll find others who will. They will become your family. Possibly the most important thing in life is to be YOU. But I think that your family, at least your parents, especially your mother, will come around. I'd say from experience that it is worth the gamble. But I'm not you. You have to feel comfortable in your own skin.
Good luck.

....I kinda was. I bet the secret service people were too.

Answer
Hey Fonzie,
I'm not goNna lie, I was very nervous from the time he stepped out to be sworn in. There are a few people who are stuck in the 1950s who think their should not be a black President. My attitude is, who cares what color the President's skin is. We had over 200 years of White Presidents and look where the country is now. Give the man a chance.

What is it with men and mini skirt?

Why are men so attracted to mini skirt I mean they can't not look
my boyfriend gets instantly hard every time
Like magic
I mean I know it is showing body but my legs are so attractive? Or is it just my boyfriend?
Guys or ladies with boyfriends?

Answer
You've asked a good question. But you don't deserve the level of response received so far.
Still, this seems to have come from adolescent males so they aren't relevant.
Especially the one who suggested he likes a girl in a mini because he can "see more".
As if.
Look, the truth from a female perspective has to be that mostly no matter what sort of legs we have,
, a miniskirt really makes us look so much better.
Ever since our grans and mums discovered minis way back last century, they knew there was no way any other garment that made girls' legs look so good. And nothing compensates as well either for small boobs or a flat chest. When you wear a miniskirt and a top with a Peter Pan collar, nobody cares or seems to notice if you have small boobs.
It doesn't matter if our legs aren't perfect. A mini does magic things because it uses the illusion of length and appeal, the suggestion that there's something more - the same way we sometimes feel out hiking that there'll be an even better view or campsite just over the next hill.
And that's more important to me, and I think most girls. It is the way a mini makes us feel. Not how boys like it.
The truth is that even in the olden days of the 1960s and 70s when miniskirts were much more colourful and stylish than they are at present (just look at the old retrospective movies and the models of the time like Twiggy and actresses like Susan George) the miniskirt actually hid more than it revealed. That is, it showed girls' legs of course, but the rest of the body was modestly covered.
Mary Quant is acknowledged as the first true modern miniskirt designer. She first designed and sold her minis in the late 1950s from her clothes shop in Kings road, Chelsea. It was called Bazaar.
But it wasn't until 1964 that she perfected her first successful miniskrt, and minidress with 10cm or 4" hemlines . She then adopted the name 'Mini' in honour of her favourite motor car, the Morris Mini Minor. I bet the boys on this site didn't know that :)
She said that among the many factors that inspired her were the freedom the mini allowed the wearer. This was something Amazon and early Chinese women had discovered cent juries ago. As had Roman soldiers and the Scots and Irish who w]all wore a sort of mini skirt that had a hemline sufficiently above the knee to allow fast movement and comfort in all weather and climate conditions - cooler in warm weather and warmer in cold weather, healthier and more hygienic than trousers or pants that chafed on movement, did not dry easily, and did not allow good ventilation or insulation.
It's how you wear it too. Schoolgirl Chic is one good way. A Peter Pan Collar is another. Only poor taste girls showed lots of boobs as well as legs. The same applies still. Only these days the bad taste girls not only show boobs or push them up, but they cover themselves in fake tan slap and look even uglier.
Anyway, that's my thinking about why we can turn men's heads when we wear minis. Even more than wearing shorts. And you would know the feeling you get walking in the mall or down the street that there are eyes following you...? You also know it is always men's eyes if you're wearing a mini.
I like it. It is flattering and gives my confidence and my day a boost. I low wearing minis. They are stylish, fashionable, flattering, comfortable, and always chic. Easy to walk in and run too.
They're so versatile too. You can team them with tights in winter or at night. And with heels they become super glam, giving legs even longer length.
Take Alexa Chung for example, she's on record as saying her legs are really too thin, yet she insists she'll never stop wearing minis and schoolgirl chic styles because they actually make her legs look so much fuller, better.
Minis are great for most of us.
But it is really nothing to do with revealing skin. More the illusion and the suggestion...
And most of all, we wear minis for ourselves first.
- Alexxxx